Additional Water Resources for Egypt
Traditional water resources in Egypt must be supplemented by an additional water supply to face the uncontrolled increase in population and the future of Nile Water and the irresponsible use of ground water
It is thus urgent to develop the following possibilities for additional water supplies to overcome the present dismal water conditions.
I- Atmospheric Water Vapour as an
Endless Water Resource
Additional source for water in Egypt can be supplied by the atmospheric water vapour through natural processes or industrial means, by different forms of condensation.
The Dew
Low temperatures about dawn-time cause the condensation of water vapour in the atmosphere as water drops of Dew.
Natural Water Vapour Collections
Long ago Man used different ways to collect the drops of Dew fall to obtain fresh water:
1-Dew Fountains
Pyramidal heaps of limestone pieces (5-10 cm) base (25-30 mrs) and height (10 mms) . Volume of water condensed from due = 55.400 mm3 / day.
2- Funnel Collectors
A Swedish expert used funnels ( diameter 1 m) for collecting dew water and was able to collect an average of 123 cms3 / night, near the Mediterranean sea in Egypt.
3- Barley the best Vapour Collector
The average precipitation of Dew on the North Western coastal zone of Egypt was found to be about 0,7 mm/ day which amounts to about 250 mm/ year.
Barley plant confirmed and applied this result before “Man” in a different way.
Successful agriculture of Barley needs about 400 mm/ year of water, whereas the total rainfall in the coastal zone is only about 150 mm/ year.
Thus Barley obtains the difference 250 mm/ year from the only possible source, water vapour and dew from the atmosphere which is the same result previously deduced.
Man , Water and Energy
Before the Advent of Man, Nature paved the way for his existance and welfare depending on atmospheric water, vapour and Solar energy.
Fresh Water Industry
Atmospheric water vapour is the mother source of water on our Planet the Earth, which condensed on cooling, Naturally & Artificially.
Natural collectors have been already dealt with. Artificial condensation of water vapour is carried out by specially designed and manufactured Air conditioners using electric power generated by Solar Energy, Now available with different specifications and capacity.
II- Desalination by Solar Energy
In 1892 a Britich engineer in chely used a basin (area 400 m2 ), with a glass cover with a bottom black in color, on both sides there are two canals to collect the condensed water from the evaporating saline sea water.
The average volume of water distilled amounts to five litres for every square meter of the basin, I.e.2.3 m3 per day.
In Egypt
At EL Hamrawein near EL- Quseir on the Red Sea , a solar desalination unit produces an average 2.5 liters for every square meter of the evaporating surface.
Water From Oil Wells
A valuable source of an additional water supply for Egypt can be obtained from data and information previously collected from Oil exploration, development and production related to ground water, especially electrical well logging. This was originally neglected relative to the main objective, Oil.
Reinterpretation of this “huge” data and information will, undoubtedly lead to new ground water discoveries and fields.
KIFAR was the Beginning
In my Ph. D thesis (1957) , chapter (V) :
New light on the orign of Artezian Water in the western Desert of Egypt, the latest available data considered Baharia Oasis as the most Northern limits of Fresh ground Water front in the western Desert of Egypt (200 p.p m) .
Whereas Siwa Oases water (2000 pp) and more, represents the border of brakish water.
Recently , the fresh ground water was discovered in Siwa Oasis deep wells (1000 m) and more ( 200 ppm and less) , and Kifar oil exploration well south East Matrouh,(200 ppm)
This was the beginning and only an example of additional water resources in Egypt, which could be overlooked, forgotten or GOD knows.
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